The article deals with the relationship between the work of the nervous centers responsible for language development of a child-Broca, Wernicke, associative centres and modern methods of speech development. A special role is given to the analysis of modern theoretical and practical work in the field of neurophysiology, devoted to the work of mirror neurons. Analyses the causes of violations of speech development, risk factors, which influence on the fetus during pregnancy, birth and infancy. We studied the mechanisms of action of risk factors on the central nervous system.